AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PUBLICATIONS ON MARINE TURTLES OF SRI LANKA
ANSLEM DE SILVA
15/1 Dolosbage Road, Gampola, Sri Lanka
Email: kalds@sltnet.lk
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Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala
This work is dedicated to Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala (1900 – 1976)
Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala was born on May 8, 1900. He was the eldest son of Sir Deraniyagala Paulus Edward Pieris, a noted historian, Chair of the prestigious Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon Branch) and a renowned lawyer.
Deraniyagala saw his first turtles and crocodiles at the age of eight when he lived in the coastal town of Kalutara where his father was District Judge. These two groups of reptiles later became his chief herpetological interests, and he published extensively on their nesting habits and embryology. His first herpetological book, and perhaps one of the important herpetological milestones in the country, is “Tetrapod reptiles of Ceylon vol. 1. Testudinates and Crocodilians” (1939).
Deraniyagala graduated in Natural Sciences Tripos from Trinity College, Cambridge, proceeding to Harvard for his A.M. degree in Zoology. On his return to Sri Lanka in 1925, Deraniyagala was appointed Second Assistant Marine Biologist to the Ceylon Government, becoming Director of the Colombo Museum in 1940. He retired from the museum directorship in 1963.
During an active period spanning nearly 50 years (1927 to 1975), Deraniyagala published nearly 350 titles on anthropology, archaeology, sociology, palaeontology and zoology (mammals, birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles). Most papers by Deraniyagala were profusely illustrated with his own watercolours and figures. In fact, there are few aspects of natural history that Deraniyagala did not publish extensively on. Furthermore, he was a champion boxer and an artist.
In the field of herpetology Deraniyagala published between 1927 and 1975 over 100 papers on turtles, crocodiles, varanids, lizards, snakes and a few on amphibians. They covered natural history, embryology, palaeontology, comparative morphology and taxonomy. Deraniyagala described over 50 recent and fossil herpetological taxa, all of them reptiles. Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala died on December 1, 1976.
The bibliography: introductory notes
Marine turtles are a threatened group of reptiles in Sri Lanka. The flesh and eggs of most species are widely consumed by people. In addition, their nesting, foraging and feeding grounds are continually being disturbed and altered at an alarming rate. Hence, the present bibliography attempts to provide a complete reference to various aspects of marine turtles in Sri Lanka. The present work cites literature published in Western and Sinhala languages from 1852 to 2005.
Selection of references
The criteria used in listing a reference in this bibliography were if the particular reference (whether scientific, popular, historical, literary, etc.) either referred completely or in part to some aspect of marine turtles of Sri Lanka. This work includes complete books as well as sections or chapters of books, research papers, periodical articles, abstracts and mimeographed papers. Unpublished theses, dissertations and reports too are listed separately under “unpublished papers” as these are accessible to researchers. Newspaper articles are excluded. Of the 284 references cited, 215 works are available in the personal library of the compiler.
Plan of classification and arrangement of the material
The references categorised in the bibliography are listed alphabetically and chronologically. If the date of publication is not listed it is given as “ND”. In some papers a brief annotation of the contents are given within parenthesis at the end of the reference.
Sources consulted
- The Library, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya (including Department of Agriculture and the Department of Zoology libraries) Sri Lanka.
- Colombo National Museum Library, Albert Crescent, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka.
- Royal Asiatic Society Library, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka.
- Wildlife and Nature Protection Society Library, 86 Rajamalwatta Road, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka.
- Dept. of National Archives Library, 7, Reid Avenue, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka.
- Library, Jersey Wildlife Trust, Jersey, UK.
- Library, Centre for Herpetology, Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Library, Japan Snake Institute, Yabazuka, Gunma, Japan.
- Library, Forest Department, Rajamalwatta Road, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka.
- Library, National Science Foundation, 47 Maitland Place, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka.
- Library, Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
- Compiler’s personal library, 15/1 Dolosbage Road, Gampola, Sri Lanka.
- Library, Turtle Conservation Project, Sri Lanka.
Acknowledgments: I thank Indraneil Das, Kraig Adler, Romulus Whitaker, Harry Andrews, Manjula Tiwari, K.R.G Welch, Maren Gaulke, Andreas Nollert, Michihisa Toriba, Lalith Ekanayake, Thushan Kapurusinghe, Peter Richardson, Late E.H. Taylor, and W.W.A. Phillips for providing some of the relevant literature; Kraig Adler for providing the photograph of P.E.P. Deraniyagala; the library staff of University of Peradeniya, Royal Asiatic Society, Colombo Museum, Wildlife, Nature Protection Society and the other institutions listed above for making the literature available.
Checklist of marine turtles
(Note: (E) denotes English, (S) denotes Sinhala and (T) denotes Tamil.)
FAMILY: CHELONIIDAE: Kasubu Kulaya (S)
Genus: Caretta Rafinesque, 1814. Kasbae Ganaya (S) Species
- Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758). Loggerhead Sea Turtle (E); Olugedi Kasbaeva, Kannadi Kasbaeva (S)(= spectacled turtle); Perunthalai Amai (T)(= big headed turtle).
Genus: Chelonia Latreille, 1802. Galkasbae Ganaya (S) Species - Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758). Green turtle (E); Gal Kasbaeva (S)(= rock turtle), Mas Kasbaeva (S)(= flesh turtle), Vali Kasbaeva (S)(= sand turtle); Pal Amai (T)(= milk turtle).
Genus: Eretmochelys Fitzinger, 1843. Leli Kasbae Ganaya (S) Species - Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766). Hawksbill Sea Turtle (E); Pothu Kasbaeva (S)(= scaly turtle), Leli Kasbaeva (S)(= skin turtle) ; Nanja Amai (T)(= poisonous turtle).
Genus: Lepidochelys Fitzinger, 1843. Batu Kasbae Ganaya (S) Species - Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829). Olive Ridley Sea Turtle (E); Batu Kasbaeva (S)(= dwarf turtle) or Mada Kasbaeva (S)(= mud turtle); Pul Amai (T)(= grass turtle).
FAMILY: DERMOCHELYIDAE.
Genus: Dermochelys Blainville, 1816. Dara Kasbae Ganaya (S) Species
Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761). Leatherback Sea Turtle (E); Dara Kasbaeva (S)(= ridge turtle) or Tun Dara Kasbaeva (S)(= three ridge turtle); Dhoni Amai (T)(= boat turtle).
Literature Cited
Alder, K. 1989. Contributions to the history of herpetology. SSAR. USA.
Anonymous. 1960. Research work by officers of the National Museums of Ceylon from 1925 to 1960. Spolia Zeylanica 29(1): 135-147.
Das, I. & A. De Silva. 1996. A directory of herpetologists in South Asia. Amphibia and Reptile Research Organization of Sri Lanka. (ARROS). 48 p.
Bibliography
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Anonymous. 1942. Turtle flesh causes 3 deaths. Loris 2(6): 354.
Anonymous. 1958. Picnickers save turtle. Loris 8(1): 56.
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Anonymous. 1962. Save the leathery turtle. Loris 9(3): 207.
Anonymous. 1962. Torture of turtles. Loris 9(3): 207.
Anonymous. 1962. Save these sea animals. Loris 9(4): 268.
Anonymous. 1968. Baby sea turtles – what greater attraction for tourists. Newsletter, Wildlife Protection Society of Ceylon 26: 4.
Anonymous. 1972. Ceylon protects all marine turtles. Marine Pollution Bulletin (England) 3(10): 148.
Anonymous. 1972. Legal protection for these local animals: Notes and observations. Loris 12(6): 315.
Anonymous. 1972. Turtle protection in Sri Lanka. Oryx 11(6): 408.
Anonymous. 1973. The turtles and us. Loris 8(1): 8-9. (about consumption of turtle flesh & eggs)
Anonymous. 1973. Ban on sale of turtle eggs and transport of turtles: Notes and observations. Loris 13(1): 47.
Anonymous. 1975. Back to the turtles. Loris 8(5): 236.
Anonymous. 1980. Man with live turtles fined: Notes observations and press cuttings. Loris 15(3): 186.
Anonymous. 1985. Heimat fur schildkroten (Home for turtles). Ein Herz ur Tiere (W. Germany) No.21: 26.
Anonymous. 1987. Sri Lanka: Une maternite pour tortues (A nursery for turtles) TE’LE’ loisirs (France) 47: 85.
Anonymous. 1996. International Herpetological Conference in Sri Lanka. Marine Turtle Newsletter 73: 35.
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Chandraratne, R.M.M. 1997. Some reptile bones from the Gedige excavation in 1985, the citadel of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Lyriocephalus 3(2): 7-15. (excavations reveal Lissemys punctata, Melanochelys trijuga and Lepidochelys olivacea, bones suggesting that these reptiles have been extensively consumed by humans)
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Dattatri, S. & J. Vijaya, D. Samarajiva. 1983. Sea turtle survey in southern Sri Lanka. Hamadryad 8(3): 15-17.
Dattatri, S. 1984. Herp guide to Sri Lanka. Hamadryad 9(2): 5-18.
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De Bruin, G.H.P. 1972. Sub marine “kasba” (turtles) Radio Times 24(17): 1, 14.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1927. The reptiles of Ceylon. Ceylon Observer Christmas Number (Colombo): 95-97.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1930. The Testudinata of Ceylon. Spolia Zeylanica 16(1): 43-88.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1932. Scutes of the loggerhead turtle. Spolia Zeylanica 17(1): 46-47.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1932. Frontenelles in the hawksbill turtle. Spolia Zeylanica 17(1): 49-50.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1932. Diameters of turtle eggs. Spolia Zeylanica 17(1): 50.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1932. Notes on the development of the leathery turtle, Dermochelys coriacea. Spolia Zeylanica 17(2): 73-102.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1933. The loggerhead turtles (Carettidae) of Ceylon. Spolia Zeylanica 18(1): 61-72.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1934. Some phytogenetic features in the leathery turtle, Dermochelys coriacea. Spolia Zeylanica 18(2): 199-206.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1934. Relationship among loggerhead turtles (Carettidae). Spolia Zeylanica 18(2): 207-209.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1934. Corselet reduction in some Testudinates. Spolia Zeylanica 18(2): 211-229.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1936. Some postnatal changes in the leathery turtle, Dermochelys coriacea. Spolia Zeylanica 19(3): 225-239.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1936. A further comparative study of Caretta caretta gigas. Spolia Zeylanica 19(3): 241-251.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1936. The nesting habit of leathery turtle, Dermochelys coriacea. Spolia Zeylanica 19(3): 331-336.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1937. Some miocene and upper Shivalik vertebrates from Ceylon. Spolia Zeylanica 20(2): 191-192.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1939. The Tetrapod reptiles of Ceylon. Vol. 1 Testudinates and Crocodilians. The Director, Colombo Museum; London, Dulau and Co., Ltd. 412 pp.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1941. The nesting of the leathery turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (Linne). Proc. Linn. Soc. London 153 session 121-123.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1943. Subspecies formation in loggerhead turtles (Carettidae). Spolia Zeylanica 23(2): 79-92.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1944. Photographs of nesting leathery turtle. Spolia Zeylanica. 24(1): 57-78.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1945. Some sub specific characters of the loggerhead, Caretta caretta gigas. Spolia Zeylanica 24(2): 95-98.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1946. Marginal scutes in races of the brown-red loggerhead, Caretta caretta Linne. Spolia Zeylanica 24(2): 195-196.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1949. Some vertebrate animals of Ceylon, Vol. 1. Colombo, Ceylon National Museums.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1951. Mass movements in some marine turtles and cuttle fish. Spolia Zeylanica. 26(1): 16.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1953. A coloured atlas of some vertebrates from Ceylon. Vol. 2. Tetrapod reptilia. Colombo, Ceylon National Museums. 101 p.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1961. Some of Linne’s reptiles and mammals from Ceylon and elsewhere that are in Sweden. Spolia Zeylanica 29(2): 195.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1961. Some little known characters of the two subspecies of Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz). Spolia Zeylanica 29(2): 196-210.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1964. A comparison of the cephalic scalation of Dermochelys coriacea with that of the Cheloniidae (Reptilia Testudinata). Senckenbergiana Biologica (West Germany) 45: 349-352.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1965. A sanctuary for turtles, the dugong whales and dolphins in the Indian and Southern oceans. Loris 10(4): 246-247, 250.
Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1969. Some of the earliest vertebrates of Ceylon. Loris 11(5): 235-237.
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Gorwyn, C.L. 1973. Letter to the editor. Loris 13(2): 128.
Grenier, J.A.R. 1958. An old island craft. Ceylon Observer Pictorial, 1958 (2 unnumbered pages: account of tortoise-shell craft (seven photographs); records a traditional test to verify whether the flesh of hawksbill turtle is poisonous)
Groombridge, B. 1982. The IUCN Amphibia – Reptilia Red Data Book, Part 1. Testudines, Crocodylia, Rhynchocephalia. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 426 p.
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Haly, A. 1882. Administration Report of the Director of the Colombo Museum for 1881 (p. 209D reports large Dermochelys coriacea from Mutwal)
Haly, A. 1887. Administration Report of the Director of the Colombo Museum for 1886 (p. 63D reports a Dermochelys coriacea measuring 7.5ft long).
Hewavisenthi, S. 1989. Twin green turtle hatchlings in Sri Lanka. Marine Turtle Newsletter 46: 9.
Hewavisenthi, S. 1989. Slaughter on the beach. Loris 18(4): 74-175.
Hewavisenthi, S. 1990. Exploitation of marine turtles in Sri Lanka: Historic background and the present status. Marine Turtle Newsletter 48: 14-19.
Hewavisenthi, S. 1990. Abnormal hatchlings of green
and olive ridley turtles, Victor Hasselblad Hatchery, Sri Lanka. Marine Turtle Newsletter 50: 15-16.
Hewavisenthi, S. 1990. Male hawksbill stranded at Kosgoda, Sri Lanka. Marine Turtle Newsletter 51: 16-17.
Hewavisenthi, S. 1990. Conservation of marine turtles. Loris 19(2): 73-75.
Hewavisenthi, S. 1991. Marine turtles of Sri Lanka. Social Development 1(6): 7-8. (newsletter of the Central Council of Social Services Sri Lanka)
Hewavisenthi, S. 1992. Marine turtles of Sri Lanka. Newsletter of the Open University of Sri Lanka 7(6): 7.
Hewavisenthi, S. 1992. Marine turtles. Thithmuwa (Magazine of the young Zoologist’s Association of Sri Lanka) 7-9.
Hewavisenthi, S. 1993. Turtle hatcheries in Sri Lanka: Boon or Bane? Marine Turtle Newsletter 60: 19-22.
Hewavisenthi, S. 1994. Bibliography of literature relating to marine turtles of Sri Lanka. Natural Resources, Energy and Science Authority of Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka; 17 p.
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